出版时间:2013年06月 |
古代中国的伦理思想曾经包含有丰富的类似于今天的法治宽容原则。在孔子和儒家的学说中,宽容是“仁”的具体做法。但是我国传统的宽容思想从近代以来并没有得到很好的传承和发展,与“严刑峻法”、“严惩”或“严打”的法律思想相比,法治宽容的市场和声音要小得多。今天,宽容不仅是一种超法律价值,还是一种超伦理价值,在一定程度上已经成了一个关乎人类命运的问题。如果要在自由和平等的市民中建立一种公平的合作体系,那么该社会就必须建立在政治和法治宽容的原则之上。近年来,宽容原则不仅在我国的治安、刑事法治领域,而且在民事、行政法治等领域也达成了不少共识,得到了某些有效的运用。
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Traditional Chinese ethics contains rich content similar to modern principles of the rule of law and tolerance. According to the Confucian doctrine,tolerance is a concrete manifestation of benevolence (ren). However,this traditional Chinese doctrine of tolerance has not been adhered to or developed since modern times. Compared to the legal ideas of “severe penal codes”,“inflexible administration of justice” and “strike hard”,the voice of the advocators of legal tolerance is much weaker. Today,tolerance is a value that transcends not only law,but also ethics,and has,to a certain extent,become an issue that affects the fate of mankind. In order to establish a fair system of cooperation among free and equal citizens,the society must be based on the principle of political and legal tolerance. In recent years,many consensuses have been reached on,and effective applications made of,the principle of tolerance in China,not only in the fields of public security and criminal law,but also in the fields of civil,administrative and other laws.
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法治社会同时也应该是一个和谐社会,和谐社会允许在一定程度上的多元价值并存和相互包容。从宗教宽容到政治宽容、法律宽容和法治宽容,是社会文明发展的必经之路。
一 法治与宽容原则
在古代中国的伦理思想中,曾经包含有丰富的类似于现代法治宽容原则的思想。《周易》的“丰卦”篇中就有:“天地盈虚,与时消息,而况于人乎……雷电皆至,丰,君子以折狱致刑。”意思是人如天地之变化,不可能什么人什么时候都明智,因此执法者要把握违法犯罪的相对性,要像宽容亲人一样宽容他人,既要惩罚违法犯罪者,也要挽救帮助他们。
“宽容”一词最早出自《庄子·天下》的记载:“常宽容于物,不削于人,可谓至极。关尹、老聃乎!古之博大真人哉!”
我国的宽容思想从其产生一开始就是与法治宽容联系在一起的。孔子曾对仁与宽容的关系有专门的论述:“夫温良者,仁之本也;慎敬者,仁之地也;宽裕者,仁之作也。”即孔子认为,温和善良是仁的根本,谨慎恭敬是仁的基础,宽容则是仁的具体做法。
由于儒家面对现实,有一套政治、伦理和道德修养的理论可讲,子不语:“怪,力,乱,神”,而是主张“三人行,必有我师焉。”