出版时间:2013年06月 |
毒品消费引发的毒品问题是毒品滥用而成瘾癖。毒品刑法保护的法益是免于陷入毒品依赖的不自由状态的危险。但是,不同于毒品消费引发的毒品问题,毒品的刑法控制,也会形成新的毒品问题。因为把刑法用作毒品控制的第一手段,不能减少毒品市场的供给和需求,也不能遏制毒品犯罪的持续增长,反而引发毒品犯罪的有组织化发展趋势。因此,现行刑法上的重刑对于毒品控制是过剩的手段。禁毒造成黑市,黑市的垄断造成对毒品消费者的勒索和剥削;同时,黑市也驱动犯罪,应对的措施应是在降低刑法严厉性的同时,通过国家监控下的海洛因处方制度来瓦解毒品黑市。尽管对于毒品及其药理效果的错误认知以及对毒品零忍耐的历史文化观念,是借鉴成功的海洛因处方制度的障碍,但是,为尽量避免毒品消费者生存条件和人权状况因严厉禁毒的负面后果而继续恶化,由此产生的针对毒品需求方的“损害最小化”设想和实践,是每个人都不会反对的、符合实际的毒品控制方向。
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Problems caused by the consumption of narcotic drugs include the abuse of and addiction to drugs. The legal interest protected by drug-related criminal law is the right to be free from the danger of getting into non-free condition resulting from dependence on drugs. However,the criminal law control of drugs may create new problems because using the criminal law as the primary means of controlling drugs will neither reduce the demand or supply in the drug market,nor stop the continuous growth of drug-related crimes,but will instead encourage the organized development of drug-related crimes. Therefore,the severe punishments of drug-related crimes under the current Criminal Law are excess drug-control measures. The prohibition of drugs leads to black drug market,and the monopoly of the black market leads to the extortion and exploitation of drug-users. Meanwhile,the black drug market also causes many other crimes. To solve this problem,China needs to reduce the severity of the punishments against drug-related crimes and use the heroin prescription under the state supervision to breakdown the black drug market. While the misunderstanding of narcotic drugs and their pharmacological effects and the traditional idea of zero-tolerance of drugs pose obstacles to China’s adoption of the heroin prescription system,the idea and practice of “minimizing the harms to the drug-users” and preventing their life and human rights conditions from worsening as a result of the negative effects of severe laws against drug are opposed by nobody and indicate the actual direction of development of drug control policy.
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毒品消费是一种极为复杂的现象,我们没有什么奇妙的办法能有朝一日把毒品滥用的现象彻底根绝。各种形式的毒品消费将会像历史上曾经出现过的那样,一直存在下去,这是无法回避的事实。因此,把毒品政策的总目标定位在实现一个根本没有毒品的社会,
尽管世界上大多数国家包括我国,对于毒品实行的是刑法禁止模式主导的绝对的全面禁止制度,
如果国家想用刑法手段对已经成年、健康的公民规定他们应该吃什么和喝什么,那就是一种地地道道的国家监护。宪法对公民人格自由发展的构想,
刑法是国家进行社会控制的最为严厉的手段,只能作为可以考虑的最后手段予以适用。但是,在毒品政策上,刑法常常被用作对待毒品问题的第一手段。这是一种后果很严重的决策,因为解决毒品问题把刑法作为第一手段,首先是不适合的,其次是具有反作用效果的。
尽管刑法资源的投入在不断加大(增加罪名、提高刑罚幅度、投入新的侦查措施
如果用经济学的视角观察这个问题,就会发现,刑法对毒品的供给和需求的影响从来就不曾成功过。首先,通过刑法手段全面控制毒品市场的供给是不可能的。比如,德国评估数据显示,德国警方没收的非法毒品仅占市场上流通的5%~10%。