Currently China has entered a period in which the structure of its population is undergoing increasingly accelerated changes，and thereby exerts greater impact on the distribution of school-age population among urban and rural areas and influences the development of education in our country in the future. Based on the findings of a sample survey conducted in 2005，this article provides an estimate of the scale of school population at various stages of schooling and an estimate of the gaps between supply and demand of educational provision. It is forecast that in the years to come，at the stage of compulsory schooling，supply will exceed demand continuously，and at the stage of senior high school，oversupply of educational provision will occur，while at the stage of tertiary education，its provision in the near future will not be possible to satisfy the demand. Accordingly，it is a must that proper strategies for educational development should be taken to cope with the challenges faced and appropriate adjustments should be made.