In 2012,the Middle East and North Africa remained in continued turmoil.Libya was still in chaos after the end of the Gaddafi era;Iran continued to confront the West due to the nuclear issue;Israel was under increased security pressures;Iraq and Yemen continued to be victims of terrorist attacks;Syria was sinking into civil war and becoming a board game for the great powers;the Egyptian government was reshuffling power by cutting military forces;and Turkey failed to join the European Union and returned to the Middle East to rebuild its regional power status.The reason behind the drastic changes in the Middle East and North Africa is the long-term accumulation of a variety of contradictions in the region's political,economic,ethnic,religious,historical,and social developments.In the meanwhile,the "Greater Middle East Initiative" of the United States and Western efforts over the years to implement "a democratic transformation of the Islamic world" have led to drastic changes in incentives.During the instability in the Middle East and North Africa,the national economies have been damaged,regional patterns have changed,relations between the major powers have adjusted and Islamic forces are rising.The Western countries led by the United States have intervened and interfered in the regional situation,making it more complex and challenging,and the cultural conflicts between the Islamic countries and the Western countries have gradually intensified,eventually igniting an anti-American wave in the entire Islamic world.Judging by the present situation,it seems likely that the volatility in the region will continue. <<