In 2011-2012,the United Nations continued to make efforts with respect to conflict resolution and mediation,including both peace-keeping and peace-building.Another focus of UN work was the promotion of sustainable development.The "Rio+20" Summit gave a fresh impetus to achieving the goals of sustainable development and governance of global issues,such as energy,climate change,food,and water and ocean resources.Three transregional groups,G20,the BRICS and the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries,convened their 2012 summits and made certain progress in terms of organizational institutionalization and cooperation,attempting to enhance their roles in global governance.Both these global groups as well as the UN focus on economic cooperation,the European debt crisis,employment,food security,and energy security.The role of the emerging economies in global multilateral groups is increasing.Nevertheless,both the UN and other multilateral groups are facing the challenges of internal inconsistencies and institutional ineffectiveness. <<