To guarantee and improve the people’s livelihood has become a major task in China at present. Objective to measure and evaluate the livelihood development situation and problems are also crucial，with the aim of providing the reference and advice for the Party and the government to formulate policies. This paper according to four aspects which is the residents livelihood，public service，public security and environmental protection to construct the livelihood index system of Anhui Province，to effectively assess the livelihood development status of Anhui Province 2009-2012 in a quantitative way. Statistics implies：the people’s livelihood development status of Anhui Province improved year by year，residents’ livelihood and public services promotion is the most obvious，urban and rural residents living level has both improved，but the social security is not optimistic and the environmental protection is still need to strengthen.