Firstly，the paper discussed the strategic significance and impacts to build“One Belt and One Road”（OBAOR）. Then，it made a description that the challenges to build“One Belt and One Road” are mainly reflected in the security aspect. On this basis，the paper put forward a concept to construct the security environment of“One Belt and One Road”，and made an overview of building the“One Belt and One Road”security environment to from of economic，science and technology，military，cultural，social，ecological，and some other perspectives.