The Yangtze River 12 provinces（municipalities）of 1370 rape planting micro household survey data，using the stochastic frontier production function model and the efficiency loss model，analysis of the Yangtze River Basin and the upper and downstream areas，farmers planting rape basic production conditions and demographic characteristics，production technical efficiency loss and the main influence factors of the differences. The Yangtze River Basin found that rape planting farmers aging phenomenon，the relative lack of labor force；the Yangtze River Basin average efficiency level of about 81.41%，there are still 18.59% possibilities of progress；because of the climate，the level of economic development，topography and other local conditions，factors affecting the same production on the Yangtze River，the middle and lower reaches of rapeseed production in different regions have a certain distinction，in addition，farmers population three characteristics，influence factors on the same loss of technical efficiency of rural households in different areas are also different；with respect to the young farmers，points of elderly farmers than the young and middle-aged farmers showed the level of technical efficiency is higher and more stable，and the elderly farmers average technical efficiency the lowest level，relatively large fluctuations.